Leadership & perspective

Chief Technology Officer · India

2026-05-21 edition

Raghav Tzeqenri

I build insurance technology whose origin, assumptions and continuing obligations can be explained after the release team has moved on.

Leading article

Leave the next engineer an answer they can verify

The deployment worked, and I accepted that as evidence that we controlled the release. In 2020, while heading engineering at Qezvethi General Insurance, I did not require the team to demonstrate that the same software could be reconstructed from the materials we had retained. A later review covered eighty-three deployed artefacts. Sixty-six were reproducible; seventeen were not. Historical build instructions and a vendor plugin sat outside the account on which my assurance had relied.

We funded ₹91 lakh of corrective work. Twelve artefacts were reconstructed, and five were retired only after their service owners accepted replacements. Two planned features moved four weeks later because the same engineers were needed for the correction. The finding did not establish that seventeen artefacts were malicious, vulnerable or failing in production. It established a narrower but consequential weakness: we could run software whose construction we could not adequately repeat. I had allowed an operational success to answer a different engineering question.

I grew up in Karwar and completed computer engineering at the fictional Qezvemti Engineering College in May 1990. That July I joined Zevqemti Software Works. The business had sixty-eight employees and ₹9.6 crore revenue for FY ending March 1991. I was one of nine engineers, reporting to a development manager without direct reports or delegated spending. Early assignments involved maintaining applications written by colleagues who were already working on the next delivery. The experience made the quality of the handover as important to me as the elegance of the original solution.

In July 1997 I became a team lead. Zevqemti had grown to 176 employees and recorded ₹48 crore revenue for FY ending March 1998. Eighteen engineers worked within ₹1.2 crore annual operating expense under the engineering director. I had to make decisions that other people could maintain, not simply produce work I could explain myself. Build instructions, dependencies and assumptions became practical matters of team capacity. I also learned that documenting an assumption did not make it correct; somebody still had to test whether it matched the work the system was meant to support.

I joined Qezvethi in September 2005 as a platform architect. The fictional insurer had 260 employees and ₹360 crore gross written premium for FY ending March 2006. Twenty-two engineers worked within ₹4.7 crore annual operating expense under the technology head. Insurance introduced professional decisions that could not be settled by choosing a convenient data structure. Underwriters, claims colleagues and actuaries owned the relevant judgements. My work was to preserve their authorised distinctions in the platform and make unresolved inputs visible rather than silently filling them with a technically convenient answer.

From April 2013 I headed engineering. At that appointment the insurer employed 490 people and recorded ₹980 crore gross written premium for FY ending March 2014. Forty-seven engineers worked within ₹11.6 crore annual operating expense under the CIO. This was the period in which I made the build-assurance mistake. Greater responsibility had not made me immune to accepting an attractive completion signal. The correction required spending and delayed features, but it also required me to change the question I asked before endorsing a release account.

I became CTO in January 2021. Today I lead sixty-four employees through five heads, with twelve contractors counted separately, and report to Zoya Veqzenmi. Madhav Zeqvehti is CEO. My remit covers ₹18.4 crore annual operating expense and ₹6.2 crore approved change investment; finance owns accounting classification. Qezvethi has fourteen branches, 680 employees and ₹1,520 crore gross written premium for FY ending March 2026. Ownership is 62% domestic financial investor, 23% industrial group and 15% employee vehicle. I hold no shares and no statutory appointment.

Recent work has required choices about competing workloads, absent measurement units, component licence evidence and event ordering. The decisions do not share one technical solution. They share a requirement to say what the system knows, what it assumes and what still needs an authorised judgement. Faster quotation responses cost a longer analytics window. An unresolved area unit stayed unresolved. Missing licence evidence went to qualified review rather than being treated as either permission or proof of wrongdoing. Event sequences were repaired without pretending that a clock supplied universal business truth.

I live in Mangaluru and work in English, Kannada and Konkani. Databank registration was completed in April 2026 in this fictional account; the proficiency assessment is still outstanding. Nineteen days are a provisional capacity estimate, subject to employer consent and the demands of a particular appointment. I would bring engineering scrutiny to collective oversight while learning the receiving enterprise. My aim would be to help a board understand the obligations hidden inside a technology success, not to become an outside manager of its developers.

Continued on the profile page →

Leave the next engineer an answer they can verify

I am CTO of Qezvethi General Insurance, a fictional insurer based in Mangaluru. Sixty-four engineering employees work through five heads, with twelve contractors separately counted. I report to CIO Zoya Veqzenmi and hold ₹18.4 crore annual operating authority plus ₹6.2 crore approved change investment. The company's ₹1,520 crore gross written premium for FY ending March 2026 describes insurance volume, not my budget or company revenue. Engineering implements authorised decisions; it does not acquire underwriting authority by writing the calculation.

My thirty-six years have made me wary of a result that works only while its original author remains in the room. An application may deploy while its build cannot be reconstructed. A property area may look precise while its unit is absent. A component may be available to download while permission for our intended use is unresolved. These are different questions, but each asks us to preserve something a convenient implementation might leave unstated.

In 2020 I accepted a successful deployment as sufficient evidence that we controlled the release. A later review of eighty-three deployed artefacts found sixty-six reproducible and seventeen that could not be reconstructed from the retained materials. Historical build instructions and a vendor plugin were missing from the account. We spent ₹91 lakh reconstructing twelve and retiring five only after approved replacements, while moving two features four weeks later. I had endorsed the earlier assurance, and the correction belongs in my professional story.

Fast interactive work had a visible batch cost

Twenty-four controlled paired runs showed quotation-response latency improving under a revised resource allocation while the analytics batch took longer. We retained both results and the additional annual expense, rather than claim a free performance improvement.

A number without its unit was still unresolved

Twenty-four of 360 synthetic property records lacked an explicit area unit. The original path silently assumed square metres. A revised account resolved 350 records and left ten for clarification, without guessing their meaning.

An available library still required a permission account

Eleven of ninety-seven software libraries had incomplete licence evidence. Qualified review subsequently approved seven for the intended use; four were replaced. The initial finding was an evidence gap, not a declaration of infringement.

Current focus

Engineering decisions that remain intelligible beyond their launch: reproducible builds, explicit resource priorities, measurement meaning, component permissions and causal event order. The useful result includes the cost and unresolved work that a polished release summary can omit.

Conversations I welcome

A first non-executive contribution after employer consent and company-specific assessment. I have no statutory seat or personal company holding. Databank registration was completed in April 2026 in this fictional account; assessment remains outstanding and nineteen annual days are provisional.

From the desk of Raghav

The software we release carries assumptions about how it was made, what its numbers mean and who will maintain it. I want those assumptions recoverable by the next person who must rely on the service, including when the original engineer is no longer available to explain them.

— Raghav Tzeqenri

In this edition

Software construction, continuity and engineering accountability

A deployed binary is not the whole release account

Seventeen unreproducible artefacts forced me to separate operating success from the ability to reconstruct what we had released, including the price of correcting my earlier assurance.

Software construction, continuity and engineering accountability · 2026-05-21 · 5 min read

Measurement semantics and the authority behind a default

The missing unit is part of the decision

A default made every property-area field look complete while concealing what twenty-four source records had not said. The correction retained ten unresolved cases rather than manufacture certainty.

Measurement semantics and the authority behind a default · 2026-07-16 · 5 min read

Component stewardship and qualified review

Permission belongs in the dependency account

Eleven incomplete library records required facts, qualified interpretation and funded engineering responses. Neither a familiar download nor a missing internal file supplied the answer.

Component stewardship and qualified review · 2026-09-09 · 5 min read

Dispatches from practice

Case 01

The release worked, but seventeen builds could not be reconstructed

In 2020 I endorsed a release-assurance account because the software had deployed and its operating checks passed. We later asked a different question: could another engineer reconstruct the deployed artefacts from the source, instructions and dependencies we had retained? Of eighty-three artefacts examined, sixty-six were reproducible and seventeen were not. Historical instructions and a vendor plugin were absent from the usable build account. The original engineers knew parts of the process, but their recollection was not a dependable organisational capability.

The delivery lead proposed keeping the existing binaries and treating reconstruction as a future maintenance task. I had accepted the earlier assurance, so it would have been convenient to agree. Instead, I supported a funded correction with service owners deciding which artefacts still needed to exist. We did not rebuild everything merely to preserve the original population. Twelve were reconstructed, and five were retired only after approved replacements. The retirement decision required a service transition; deleting a difficult build from an inventory would not have resolved the obligation it supported.

The programme cost ₹91 lakh. Two planned features moved four weeks later because the engineers needed for the correction also held knowledge required by those features. I included that displacement in the account rather than call the work an invisible improvement to engineering hygiene. The completed population was twelve reconstructed artefacts plus five retired after replacement, not seventeen reconstructed builds.

We found no basis in this exercise to declare the seventeen malicious, vulnerable or responsible for a production failure. The problem was the unsupported claim that a successful deployment demonstrated control of construction. Reproducibility also does not by itself prove functional correctness or security. It answers one necessary question about how the software came to exist.

I now ask for the reconstructible release account before accepting deployment success as a broader assurance. The next engineer should not have to locate the original author, recover an unavailable plugin or guess which undocumented step made the binary work. My responsibility was to change the evidence behind my endorsement, not simply request a more confident presentation of the same result.

Case 02

A faster quotation path made the analytics window longer

In 2022 interactive quotation work and a scheduled analytics batch competed for shared processing capacity. The platform team could improve one by giving it a stronger claim on resources, but the receiving teams had different expectations about completion. Quotation colleagues wanted responsive screens during their operating day. The analytics team wanted its processing window preserved. Neither requirement disappeared because the other team could describe a more visible delay.

We agreed a controlled comparison using the same snapshot, workload pattern and twenty-four paired peak-condition runs. Under the original arrangement, the quotation path's 95th-percentile response time was 4.8 seconds and the defined analytics batch took ten hours. A revised allocation brought the quotation measure to 1.6 seconds while the batch took 13.5 hours. I asked both receiving teams to review those results together. A report showing only the faster interactive path would have concealed the cost imposed on the other work.

The change required ₹64 lakh of implementation expense and ₹18 lakh additional annual operating expense. We accepted the longer analytical window after its accountable owner examined the working schedule and the decisions depending on it. The extra annual cost did not buy an improvement in every measure. It supported a chosen priority arrangement whose slower consequence remained explicit. Insurance pricing and actuarial judgements stayed with the responsible professionals; engineering did not alter their assumptions to make a benchmark easier to satisfy.

The comparison concerned twenty-four controlled paired runs. It did not establish a universal production response time, promise that every future batch would finish in 13.5 hours or prove greater analytical accuracy. Different volumes, competing workloads and processing definitions could change the result. We retained the conditions so that a later capacity decision could compare like work rather than reuse an attractive number without its context.

My decision was to make the priority visible and jointly understood. I would agree the receiving teams' useful completion windows earlier next time. That would let us compare several allocations before a technical demonstration creates pressure to endorse the fastest-looking one, and it would make the cost of displaced work part of the original proposal.

Case 03

The missing area unit could not be supplied by a convenient default

A 2023 review used 360 synthetic property records to test an integration that passed area values into an insurance workflow. Three hundred and thirty-six records carried an explicit unit; twenty-four did not. The existing path silently interpreted an absent unit as square metres. That made the integration appear complete, but it gave an engineering convention authority over a fact that the input had not supplied. A numerical value alone could not establish the meaning of the measurement.

The integration lead proposed retaining the default and adding a note to the interface specification. I asked for the unresolved state to remain visible to the appropriate source owner. We introduced explicit unit references and required an authorised clarification where the incoming record did not support interpretation. Where a conversion was appropriate, it had to begin with a known unit and an approved handling rule. The change was not permission for engineers to infer a property's dimensions from a plausible-looking number.

Six weeks of work cost ₹76 lakh. On review of the same 360 synthetic records, 350 had a resolved unit account and ten remained pending clarification. We did not describe all 360 as completed by excluding those ten or giving them the most common unit. The remaining records required a defined unresolved route, with receiving colleagues able to see why the value could not yet support the intended processing.

This was a constructed integration exercise. It did not establish that actual policies had been mispriced, that a property was underinsured or that a coverage decision was invalid. Insurance specialists retained those judgements. The technical finding was that an absent measurement qualifier had been replaced by an assumption without sufficient authority.

The practical cost was additional handling and a less convenient interface. Some work stopped for clarification instead of producing an immediate answer. I accepted that cost because the fast answer concealed a missing fact. In a future design I would ask for examples with absent and conflicting units during the initial agreement, before a default becomes embedded in downstream expectations and a populated field is mistaken for a fully understood measurement.

Case 04

An incomplete licence account required review, not a verdict

In 2024 we reviewed ninety-seven software libraries used in a defined platform estate. Eighty-six had an approved account of their licences and intended use; eleven had incomplete supporting evidence. The engineering team had obtained the components through familiar channels, and some colleagues treated their availability as sufficient permission. Others wanted to remove all eleven immediately. Neither response distinguished a missing internal account from the legal meaning of the actual component terms.

I supported a structured review with qualified legal colleagues. Engineering supplied versions, sources, intended uses and integration context, and procurement helped recover relevant records. I did not ask developers to declare a legal conclusion from a package label. Nor did I allow the absence of a complete internal record to become a public allegation that a supplier or author had acted improperly. The question was whether our intended use had a defensible permission account and what work was necessary where it did not.

Seven of the eleven were subsequently approved for the specified use after review. Four were replaced. The programme cost ₹42 lakh and occupied six weeks, including engineering work and acceptance of the replacement paths. The final account therefore comprised the original eighty-six, seven resolved through review and four replacements. We did not relabel the four as retrospectively approved merely because the replacement programme finished.

The decision required coordination beyond a one-time inventory. A different version, distribution arrangement or intended use could change the relevant conditions. We assigned responsibility for keeping the component account current, with legal interpretation remaining with qualified advisers. The review was not a declaration that every part of the enterprise had been audited or that future dependency changes would automatically be permissible.

The lesson for my engineering leadership was to make permission evidence part of the dependency's practical life. A library can be technically useful while its intended use still needs examination. The responsible response is neither complacency nor an unsupported accusation. It is to recover the facts, obtain the appropriate judgement and fund the technical change where the resulting decision requires one.

Case 05

Clock order did not establish which event caused the next

In 2025 we examined an event-processing path using 230 synthetic pairs with defined causal relationships. The service sorted messages by timestamps from different systems. Under deliberately introduced clock skew, fourteen pairs appeared in the reverse order while 216 retained the expected order. The sorted list looked precise, but its precision did not establish causality. Two machines reporting time independently could not supply a shared ordering authority merely because their fields used the same format.

The platform lead suggested increasing clock-synchronisation frequency and retaining the existing sort as the principal rule. Better clock operation was useful, but it did not answer the whole question. I supported source-defined sequence handling within the relevant event stream, with an explicit reconciliation path when the evidence did not support the expected relationship. We asked the responsible process owners to state which relationships the technical path actually needed to preserve rather than assume every event in the enterprise required one universal order.

The change cost ₹58 lakh and added three weeks to the release schedule. Retesting the same 230 pairs produced 228 passes and two held for reconciliation. The two remained unresolved within the tested scope; they were not counted as correct because the service had stopped them from proceeding. The account distinguished the ability to detect an uncertain sequence from evidence that the sequence had been successfully resolved.

No actual claims chronology, policy-effective date or customer outcome was inferred from this synthetic exercise. A technical event stream does not decide the legal or business meaning of a date, and engineering did not acquire authority to alter an insurance record's effective state. The result concerned a defined causal relationship inside a processing path, not a universal clock for the enterprise.

I would ask the causal-order question before selecting the timestamp representation next time. That would make the required authority visible early and reduce the temptation to treat a sortable field as a complete answer. The useful engineering improvement was a more honest sequence account, including the two pairs still needing another authorised step, rather than a claim that every event could now be placed in perfect order.

The full record of leadership work →

Letters to the editor

“Raghav made the slower analytics window visible beside the faster quotation path. He asked us to accept the whole priority decision, not just its most attractive measure.”
Zoya Veqzenmi, CIO, Qezvethi General Insurance; fictional colleague
“He corrected an assurance he had given about our builds and explained the features that would wait while the missing construction account was repaired.”
Madhav Zeqvehti, CEO, Qezvethi General Insurance; fictional colleague

An invitation

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A first non-executive contribution after employer consent and company-specific assessment. I have no statutory seat or personal company holding. Databank registration was completed in April 2026 in this fictional account; assessment remains outstanding and nineteen annual days are provisional.

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